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BCG Polio Pentavalent DPT Hib HepB Pneumococcal Rotavirus Measles Meningococcal A Diarrheal vaccine pathogen B Diarrheal vaccine pathogen C Malaria vaccine Vaccine D
Vaccines given to children in their first year of life have protective effects until they are five years of age. When editing vaccine coverage, users will have to specify coverage in the four years prior to the base year of coverage of the LiST module. This will allow the model to correctly compute the protective effects of vaccines for children in different age groups in a given year.
For each vaccine, the number of doses that is considered "full coverage" is displayed on the "Vaccines" tab. To enter coverage of incomplete doses and/or supplemental vaccination, double-click on the relevant vaccine. There are no default effectiveness estimates for supplemental vaccination (additional doses or "boosters"), although there are effectiveness estimates for suboptimal dosing. The sum of all the doses must be less than or equal to 100% of children.
If a supplemental campaign is being modeled, check the box for "supplemental vaccination - campaign implemented" in the relevant year. Then enter data on geographic coverage, low and high age groups targeted, and the average number of doses per child. Select the radial button at the top of the page to enter either the number of doses provided or the percent of target population reached, and then enter those values at the bottom of the page. Default values are not available for this section of the model.
BCG
| • | Definition: Percent of live births receiving at least one dose of BCG. |
| • | Notes: BCG is included in LiST to indicate that it is an important intervention delivered during the first five years of life. |
| • | Effect size reference: The current assumption is that BCG has no measurable impact upon under-five mortality. |
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Polio
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received at least three doses of polio vaccine. |
| • | Notes: Polio vaccination is included in LiST to indicate that it is an important intervention delivered during the first five years of life. |
| • | Effect size reference: The current assumption is that polio vaccination has no measurable impact upon under-five mortality. |
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Pentavalent
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received 3 doses of pentavalent vaccine. |
| • | Default data source: N/A Currently set at 0 for baseline |
| • | Notes: If coverage of DTP, Hib, and HepB are at the same level, users can use that as coverage of Pentavalent. Changing the pentavalent vaccine coverage will automatically change the coverage of DPT, Hib, and HepB. See the individual vaccines for effect information. |
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DPT
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received 3 doses of DPT vaccine. |
| • | Notes: The effect of DPT is only on pertussis mortality. There is currently no impact on tetanus or diphtheria mortality. Default herd effect is 0. Note that herd immunity can be adjusted if desired. |
| • | Effect size reference: Fulton TR, Phadke VK, Orenstein WA, et al. Protective Effect of Contemporary Pertussis Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016; 62(9): 1100-1100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908803. |
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Hib
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received 3 doses of Hib vaccine. |
| • | Notes: There is default herd effect applied. Note that herd immunity can be adjusted. |
| Griffiths UK, Clark A, Gessner B, et al. Dose-specific efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Epidemiology and Infection 2012; 140(8): 1343-1355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22583474. |
| Davis, S., Feikin, D., & Johnson, H. L. (2013). The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood meningitis mortality: a systematic review. BMC public health, 13 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), S21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S21 |
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HepB
| • | Definition: Percent of live births who have received at least three doses of Hepatitis B vaccine. |
| • | Notes: Hepatitis B vaccination is included in LiST to indicate that it is an important intervention delivered during the first five years of life. |
| • | Effect size reference: The current assumption is that hepatitis B vaccination has no measurable impact upon under-five mortality. |
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Pneumococcal
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received 3 doses of Pneumococcal vaccine. |
| • | Notes: There is default herd effect applied. Note that herd immunity can be adjusted. |
| Lucero MG, Dulalia VE, Nillos LT, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia with consolidation on x-ray in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821336. |
| Davis, S., Feikin, D., & Johnson, H. L. (2013). The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood meningitis mortality: a systematic review. BMC public health, 13 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), S21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S21 |
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Rotavirus
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received 2 or 3 doses of Rotavirus vaccine (according to manufacturer’s schedule). |
| • | Notes: The effect size varies by geographic region. Default herd effect is 0. Note that herd immunity can be adjusted. |
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Measles
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received 1 dose of measles vaccine. |
| • | Notes: The default model is appropriate for vaccines which have already been rolled out, but not necessarily for new vaccines. The model may not necessarily correctly estimate the time to elimination of disease (at the very extremes of coverage) but will correctly model control of disease. Note that the impact of herd immunity can be adjusted. Default herd effect is 100% at 95% coverage. The effect of supplemental campaigns and second-opportunity measles vaccination can also be calculated. |
| • | Effect size reference: Sudfeld CR, Navar AM, Halsey NA. Effectiveness of measles vaccination and vitamin A treatment. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010; 39(Suppl 1): i48-i55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348126. |
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Meningococcal A
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received a full course of Meningococcal A vaccine (according to manufacturer’s schedule). |
| • | Notes: For default, we assume a single dose is full coverage. |
| • | Effect size reference: Daugla DM, Gami JP, Gamougam K, et al. Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA–TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community study. Lancet 2014; 383: 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61612-8. |
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Diarrheal Vaccine Pathogen B
| • | Definition: Percent of children children who survive the first year of life who have received a full course of Pathogen B vaccine. |
| • | Default data source: N/A |
| • | Notes: For default, we assume a single dose is full coverage. This is a placeholder for research purposes. There is no default effect size. To use this indicator, the user must enter data. This indicator is not available in the standard model. |
| • | Effect size reference: None. |
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Diarrheal Vaccine Pathogen C
| • | Definition: Percent of children children who survive the first year of life who have received a full course of Pathogen C vaccine. |
| • | Default data source: N/A |
| • | Notes: For default, we assume a single dose is full coverage. This is a placeholder for research purposes. There is no default effect size. To use this indicator, the user must enter data. This indicator is not available in the standard model. |
| • | Effect size reference: None. |
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Malaria Vaccine
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received a full course of malaria vaccine. |
| • | Default data source: There is no data currently available. |
| • | Notes: For default, we assume a single dose is full coverage. Please see this technical note for more detailed information on effect size. |
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Vaccine D
| • | Definition: Percent of children who survive the first year of life who have received a full course of vaccine D. |
| • | Default data source: N/A |
| • | Notes: For default, we assume a single dose is full coverage. This is a placeholder for research purposes. There is no default effect size. To use this indicator, the user must enter data. This is indicator is not available in the standard model. |
| • | Effect size reference: None. |
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