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Provision of appropriate fortified complementary food for food secure population Provision of appropriate fortified complementary food for food insecure population Neonatal vitamin A supplementation Vitamin A supplementation Zinc supplementation Basic Sanitation Point-of-use filtered Water Piped Water Hand washing with soap Hygienic disposal of children’s stools ITN/IRS
Provision of appropriate fortified complementary food for food secure population
•Definition: Percent of mothers intensively counseled on the importance of continued breastfeeding beyond six months and appropriate complementary feeding practices, and given appropriate dietary supplementation. As a proxy, the percent of 6-23 month old children receiving minimum dietary diversity (4+ food groups) is used.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys.
•Notes: This is applied to the food secure population. This indicator can be modified in the Household Status tab of the "Health status, mortality, and economic status" menu.
Our new meta-analysis on the effects of supplemental complementary foods showed that, of the three different types of complementary food (SQ-LNS, other fortified food mix, non-fortified local food), only SQ-LNS has a significant benefit on height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Given that 1) national programs for the provision of SQ-LNS are not yet widely available in LMICs, and 2) there are only six studies on other complementary foods that are not LNS, we decided not to restrict the intervention to the provision of SQ-LNS only, but rather to call the intervention “Provision of appropriate fortified complementary food”. The estimates of efficacy from the meta-analysis on SQ-LNS trials were used for this intervention
•Effect size reference:
Dewey KG, Wessells KR, Arnold CD, Prado EL, Abbeddou S, Adu-Afarwuah S, et al. Characteristics that modify the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on child growth: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(Suppl 1):15S-42S.
Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding and provision of complementary foods on child growth in developing countries. BMC Public Health 2011; 11(Suppl 3): S25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501443.
Provision of appropriate fortified complementary food for food insecure population
•Definition: Percent of mothers intensively counseled on the importance of continued breastfeeding beyond six months and appropriate complementary feeding practices, and given appropriate dietary supplementation. As a proxy, the percent of 6-23 month old children receiving minimum dietary diversity (4+ food groups) is used.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys.
•Notes: This is applied to the food secure population. This indicator can be modified in the Household Status tab of the "Health status, mortality, and economic status" menu.
Our new meta-analysis on the effects of supplemental complementary foods showed that, of the three different types of complementary food (SQ-LNS, other fortified food mix, non-fortified local food), only SQ-LNS has a significant benefit on height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Given that 1) national programs for the provision of SQ-LNS are not yet widely available in LMICs, and 2) there are only six studies on other complementary foods that are not LNS, we decided not to restrict the intervention to the provision of SQ-LNS only, but rather to call the intervention “Provision of appropriate fortified complementary food”. The estimates of efficacy from the meta-analysis on SQ-LNS trials were used for this intervention
•Effect size reference: Dewey KG, Wessells KR, Arnold CD, Prado EL, Abbeddou S, Adu-Afarwuah S, et al. Characteristics that modify the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on child growth: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(Suppl 1):15S-42S.
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation •Definition: Percent of neonates receive 25000 to 50 000 IU vitamin A within the first 2 to 3 days of life
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are not typically available. Currently set at 0 for baseline; user should enter local data if possible and available.
•Notes: This is not the same indicator as vitamin A supplementation for children 6-59 months
•Effect size reference: Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation Evidence group. Early neonatal vitamin A supplementation and infant mortality: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child. 2019 Mar;104(3):217-226. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315242. Epub 2018 Nov 13. PMID: 30425075; PMCID: PMC6556975.
•Definition: Percent of children 6-59 months of age receiving two doses of Vitamin A during the last 12 months.
•Default data source: UNICEF - Vitamin A coverage. http://data.unicef.org/nutrition/vitamin-a. Updated annually.
•Notes: The full indicator is typically not available from a DHS/MICS or other household survey. However, the percent of children 6-59 months receiving 1 dose of Vitamin A in the past 6 months can be used if necessary from these sources.
This is applied to vitamin A deficient population.
The impact is based on Imdad et al. The effectiveness is calculated from Black et al web annex Table 12 and 13. Taking the reciprocal of RR due to Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) to get the RR of vitamin A intervention, effectiveness of Vitamin A supplementation=1-(1/RR due to VAD)
•Effect size reference: Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Sudfeld CR, et al. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on infant and childhood mortality. BMC Public Health 2011; 11(Suppl 3): S20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501438.
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries [published correction appears in Lancet. 2013. 2013 Aug 3;382(9890):396]. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):427-451. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23746772/
•Definition: Percent of children 12-59 months of age who are given daily supplements of 10mg zinc.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are not typically available. Currently set at 0 for baseline; user should enter local data if possible and available.
•Notes: This is not the same indicator as zinc treatment for diarrhea.
•Effect size reference: Yakoob MY, Theodoratou E, Jabeen A, et al. Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. BMC Public Health 2011; 11(Suppl 3): S23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501441.
•Definition: Percent of the population in households using an improved sanitation facility (defined as flush or pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine; ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine; pit latrine with slab; or composting toilet), which are not shared
•Default data source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation.
•Notes:
•Effect size reference: Wolf J, Hunter PR, Freeman MC, Cummings O, Clasen T, Bartram J, et al. Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Trop Med Int Health. 2018; 23(5): 508-525. doi:10.1111/tmi.13051 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29537671/
•Definition: Percent of the population in households with point-of-use filtered water with safe storage in the household
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys.
•Notes:
•Effect size reference: Wolf J, Hunter PR, Freeman MC, Cummings O, Clasen T, Bartram J, et al. Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Trop Med Int Health. 2018; 23(5): 508-525. doi:10.1111/tmi.13051 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29537671/
•Definition: Percent of the population in households with a piped improved drinking water source
•Default data source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation.
•Notes:
•Effect size reference: Wolf J, Hunter PR, Freeman MC, Cummings O, Clasen T, Bartram J, et al. Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Trop Med Int Health. 2018; 23(5): 508-525. doi:10.1111/tmi.13051 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29537671/
•Definition: Percent of the population living in households with a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water available
•Default data source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation.
•Notes:
•Effect size reference: Fischer Walker et al., publication forthcoming
Hygienic disposal of children's stools
•Definition: Percent of children's stools that are disposed of safely and contained. Stools are considered to be contained if: 1) the child always uses a toilet/latrine, 2) the feces are thrown in the toilet/latrine, or 3) the feces are buried in the yard.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys.
•Notes: In some countries, utilization of disposable diapers may be considered hygienic disposal, but this is included on a country-by-country basis as the DHS/MICS has chosen.
•Effect size reference: Clasen TF, Bostoen K, Schmidt W-P, et al. Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD007180. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007180.pub2
ITN/IRS - household ownership of insecticide treated bednet (ITN) and/or protected by indoor residual spraying (IRS)
•Definition: Percent of households owning at least one insecticide treated bednet (ITN) and/or protected by indoor residual spraying (IRS).
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys. This includes Malaria Indicator Surveys.
•Notes: For historical trends where data on IRS are not available, data on percent of households with one or more ITN are used instead; this is considered a reasonable minimum bound. Data points where this substitution is used are indicated in the source notes. ITNs are assumed to have been introduced in 2000, so a linear "scale-up" trend from zero in 1999 to the first available data point for the country is automatically computed.
•Effect size reference: Eisele TP, Larsen D, Steketee RW. Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010; 39(Suppl 1): i88-i101. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845865/. |
