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Exclusive breastfeeding Predominant breastfeeding Partial breastfeeding Any breastfeeding No breastfeeding Early initiation of breastfeeding Breastfeeding promotion
In the "Breastfeeding" tab, data may be entered by either breastfeeding prevalence or breastfeeding promotion. If prevalence is selected (default), the rates of exclusive, predominant, and partial breastfeeding may be modified. If promotion is selected, the coverage of breastfeeding promotion as an intervention may be modified and breastfeeding rates are automatically calculated as a result.
•Definition: Percent of children receiving only breastmilk for food (plus medication, vaccines, and vitamins).
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys; however, they have been recalculated from the raw data sources to reflect the entire age period of interest.
•Notes: This applies to children 0-1 months and 1-5 months of age.
•Effect size references: Lamberti LM, Zakarija-Grković I, Fischer Walker CL, et al. Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(Suppl 3): S18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24564728.
•Definition: Percent of children receiving only breastmilk plus water and/or other non-milk liquids such as juices (plus medication, vaccines, and vitamins).
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys; however, they have been recalculated from the raw data sources to reflect the entire age period of interest.
•Notes: This applies to children 0-1 months and 1-5 months of age.
•Effect size references: Lamberti LM, Zakarija-Grković I, Fischer Walker CL, et al. Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(Suppl 3): S18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24564728.
•Definition: Percent of children receiving breastmilk plus complementary foods and/or milk-based liquids (plus medication, vaccines, and vitamins).
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys; however, they have been recalculated from the raw data sources to reflect the exact age period of interest.
•Notes: This applies to children 0-1 months and 1-5 months of age.
•Effect size references: Lamberti LM, Zakarija-Grković I, Fischer Walker CL, et al. Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(Suppl 3): S18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24564728.
•Definition: The percent of children still receiving any breastmilk.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys; however, they have been recalculated from the raw data sources to reflect the exact age period of interest.
•Notes: This applies to children 6-11 months and 12-23 months of age. No health benefit is assumed to accrue to children breastfed after 24 months of age.
•Effect size references: Lamberti LM, Zakarija-Grković I, Fischer Walker CL, et al. Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(Suppl 3): S18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24564728.
•Definition: The percent of children not receiving any breastmilk.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys.
•Notes: This can apply to children of any age group 0-23 months. It is calculated automatically as 100% minus the percentage of children in that age group with any level of breastfeeding.
•Effect size references: Lamberti LM, Zakarija-Grković I, Fischer Walker CL, et al. Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(Suppl 3): S18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24564728.
Early initiation of breastfeeding
•Definition: The percent of children who begin breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are drawn from DHS, MICS, and other nationally representative household surveys.
•Notes:
•Effect size references: NEOVITA Study Group. Timing of initiation, patterns of breastfeeding, and infant survival: prospective analysis of pooled data from three randomised trials. Lancet Global Health 2016; 4(4): e266-75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27013313.
•Definition: Percentage of children whose mothers receive activities designed to promote breastfeeding. Breastfeeding promotion can either be one-on-one or group meetings. Promotion activities can take place within the health system, at the home/community level, or both.
•Default data source: Coverage data for this indicator are not typically available. As a proxy, the level of breastfeeding promotion is set by default to equal the percent of children 1-5 months of age that are exclusively breastfed; user should enter local data if possible and available.
•Notes: It is assumed that children 1-5 months of age who are exclusively breastfed do not need this behavior.
•Effect size reference: Haroon S, Das JK, Salam RA, et al. Breastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(Suppl 3): S20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24564836.
Sinha B, Chowdhury R, Prakash Upadhyay R, Taneja S, Martines J, Bahl R, Jeeva Sankar M; Integrated Interventions Delivered in Health Systems, Home, and Community Have the Highest Impact on Breastfeeding Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Journal Nutr 2017. 147(11S): 2179S–2187S, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.242321.
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